Ch;fspd; ngah;fs; - Ch;fspd; ngah;fs; vg;gb cUthfpaJ. ?
ey;yxU Kaw;rp rNfhjhp..
Kjd;Kjyhf ehNd ,q;F vOJfpd;Nwd;.
vdJ Ch;. funtl;b...aho; vd;Dk; gue;j xU gpuNjrj;jpd; jiyaha; tpsq;Fk; tlkuhl;rpapy; xU gFjpjhd; funtl;b. ,e;jf; funtl;b vd;gJ xU fhuzg;ngah;jhd;. mJ Vw;gl;l tpjk;gw;wp Cuth;$w Nfs;tpg;gl;bUf;fpd;Nwd;. rhpahdNjh vd;gJ njhpahJ. ,Ue;Jk; mij cq;fs; Kd;dpiyapy; gfph;fpd;Nwd;.
vkJ gpuNjrj;jpd; KbTg;gFjpapy; mjhtJ njd;kuhl;rpf;Fk; tlkuhl;rpf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l vy;iyg;gFjpjhd; funtl;bahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. me;jg;gFjpapy; mjpfkhd fhiug;gw;iwfs; fhzg;gl;litahk;. mtw;iw vkJ Kd;Ndhh;fs; ntl;b mfw;wp ,q;F FbNawpdhh;fshk;. me;jf; fhiug;gw;iwia ntl;b mfw;wpaikahy; mjw;F "fhiuntl;b fhiuntl;b" vd;w ngah; cUthfp gpd;G mJ Ngr;Rtof;fpy; Gzh;r;rp mile;J ,d;W funtl;b vd;W mofhd ngauhf khw;wkile;Js;sJ.
,Jjhd; vdf;Fj; njhpe;jJ. ,jpy; VjhtJ khw;wk; ,Uf;FNkh njhpahJ.
Kjd;Kjyhf ehNd ,q;F vOJfpd;Nwd;.
vdJ Ch;. funtl;b...aho; vd;Dk; gue;j xU gpuNjrj;jpd; jiyaha; tpsq;Fk; tlkuhl;rpapy; xU gFjpjhd; funtl;b. ,e;jf; funtl;b vd;gJ xU fhuzg;ngah;jhd;. mJ Vw;gl;l tpjk;gw;wp Cuth;$w Nfs;tpg;gl;bUf;fpd;Nwd;. rhpahdNjh vd;gJ njhpahJ. ,Ue;Jk; mij cq;fs; Kd;dpiyapy; gfph;fpd;Nwd;.
vkJ gpuNjrj;jpd; KbTg;gFjpapy; mjhtJ njd;kuhl;rpf;Fk; tlkuhl;rpf;Fk; ,ilg;gl;l vy;iyg;gFjpjhd; funtl;bahf tpsq;Ffpd;wJ. me;jg;gFjpapy; mjpfkhd fhiug;gw;iwfs; fhzg;gl;litahk;. mtw;iw vkJ Kd;Ndhh;fs; ntl;b mfw;wp ,q;F FbNawpdhh;fshk;. me;jf; fhiug;gw;iwia ntl;b mfw;wpaikahy; mjw;F "fhiuntl;b fhiuntl;b" vd;w ngah; cUthfp gpd;G mJ Ngr;Rtof;fpy; Gzh;r;rp mile;J ,d;W funtl;b vd;W mofhd ngauhf khw;wkile;Js;sJ.
,Jjhd; vdf;Fj; njhpe;jJ. ,jpy; VjhtJ khw;wk; ,Uf;FNkh njhpahJ.
vdf;Fj; njhpe;jit vd; Wgy cs;sd Mdhy; mtw;wpd; tpsf;fk; mt;tsthf njhpahJ. ,Ue;Jk; jUfpd;Nwd;
gUj;jpj;Jiw
gUj;jp Vw;Wkjp nra;j ,lNkh ,wf;Fkjp nra;j ,lNkh njhpatpy;iy.
ty;ntl;bj;Jiw
nty;ntl; Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp nra;a;g;gl;l gpuNjrk; gpd;G ty;ntl;b vd khw;wkile;jJ
khtpl;lGuk;
Fjpiu Kfk; ePq;fg;ngw;w ]jyk; vd;W gbj;jjhf !Qhgfk;
fhq;Nfrd;Jiw
KUfd; vOe;jUspa ,lk; vd;gjhy; ,jw;Fk; khtpl;lGuj;jpw;Fkj; njhlh;G ,Ug;gjhf Nfs;tp ..rhpahf; njhpahJ
,itjhd; ,tw;wpy; rpytw;wpy; khw;wq;fs;,Uf;fyhk; mtw;iw jpUj;jpf;nfhs;sQ;fs;..
gUj;jpj;Jiw
gUj;jp Vw;Wkjp nra;j ,lNkh ,wf;Fkjp nra;j ,lNkh njhpatpy;iy.
ty;ntl;bj;Jiw
nty;ntl; Vw;Wkjp ,wf;Fkjp nra;a;g;gl;l gpuNjrk; gpd;G ty;ntl;b vd khw;wkile;jJ
khtpl;lGuk;
Fjpiu Kfk; ePq;fg;ngw;w ]jyk; vd;W gbj;jjhf !Qhgfk;
fhq;Nfrd;Jiw
KUfd; vOe;jUspa ,lk; vd;gjhy; ,jw;Fk; khtpl;lGuj;jpw;Fkj; njhlh;G ,Ug;gjhf Nfs;tp ..rhpahf; njhpahJ
,itjhd; ,tw;wpy; rpytw;wpy; khw;wq;fs;,Uf;fyhk; mtw;iw jpUj;jpf;nfhs;sQ;fs;..
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tprpybr;rhd;
- mq;fj;Jtu;
- Posts: 29
- Joined: 18.04.2002 16:16
Fg;gpohd; vDk; ngah; vg;g b te;jJ ?
aho;g;ghz efupy; ,Ue;J tlf;Fg; gf;fkhfr; Rkhu; vl;L iky;fSf;F mg;ghy; Flhehl;bd; gpujhd tPjpfshd gyhyp tPjpapy; Gd;dhiyf;fl;Ltd; (tlf;F) re;jpapidAk; fhq;Nfrd;Jiw tPjpapy; ky;yhfk; re;jpapidAk; ,izf;Fk; tPjpapy; (kj;jpa Nuif Nghd;W fpuhkj;ij ClWj;Jr; nry;Yk; tPjp) fLk; rptg;G epwkhd nrk;kz; tsk; nfhopf;Fk; rpW fpuhkNk Fg;gpohd; vd;Dk; rpw;Whu; MFk;. khdpg;gha; njhFjpapy; Rkhu; ,uz;L rJu iky;fis gug;gsthff; nfhz;l ,f;fpuhkj;jpw;F Fg;gpohd; vd;w ngau; vg;gb cUthfpaJ vd;gjw;F tuyhw;W uPjpahd Mjhuq;fs; cWjpahf fpilf;fhtpl;lhYk; 1964 k; Mz;L Vohiyf;fpuhkj;jpd; xU gFjpahf ,Ue;J gpupe;J jdpf;fpuhkkhf cUthf;fg;gl;lNghJ ntspaplg;gl;l fpuhNkhja kyu; rQ;rpifapy; Fg;gpoha; vd;Dk; xU Gy; G+z;L ,e;j kz;zpy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gl;ljd; fhuzkhfNt Fg;gpohd; vd;Dk; ngau; cUthfpaJ vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ.
fpuhkj;jpd; Gtpapay; epiyikapid Ma;T nra;J ghu;j;jhy; tlf;Nf FUk;grpl;b njw;Nf ikyq;fhL Nkw;Nf Vohiy fpof;Nf Gd;dhiyf;fl;Ltd; Nghd;w fpuhkq;fs; mike;Js;sd. ,g;Gtpapay; epyj;jpd; miuthrp epyk; gapu;r;nra;if epykhfNt Kd;ida fhyq;fspy; ,Ue;J te;jJ. fpuhkj;jpd; ikakhf cs;s Fg;gpohd; re;jpapypUe;J njw;Fg;gf;fkhf cs;s epyg;gug;gpy; mjhtJ njw;F vy;iyf;fpuhkkhd ikyq;fhLtiu cs;s Gtpg;gug;gpy; vz;gJ tPjkhdit gapu;r;nra;if epyq;fshFk;.
Fwpg;ghf khiy Neuq;fspy; Mz;fs; ngz;fs; rpWtu; rpWkpfs; vd xw;Wikahfj; jq;fs; jq;fs; nrhe;j tpisepyq;fspy; ,Ue;J cw;rhfkhf Ntiy nra;tjidg; ghu;j;jhy; mJNt fpuhk kf;fspd; tplhKaw;rpf;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.
kf;fs; FbapUf;Fk; fpuhkj;jpd; Vida gFjpfspy; fpLFNtypfs; kjpy;fs; Mfpatw;wpdhy; Rw;wp milf;fg;gl;l ,y;y tsTfSk; mf;FbapUg;Gfspy; cs;s jdpj;jdp ePu;r;Ruq;fq;fshd fpzWfs; mf;fpzw;wpypUe;J fpilfFk; RitkpFe;j Fbjz;zPu; mt;tstpDs; nropg;ghf tsu;e;J Nrhiy Nghd;W %bapUf;Fk; gyh kh njd;id Njhilfs; vYkpr;ir kuq;fs; ,itfs;ahTk; Xu; ,aw;ifapd; mikg;GfshFk;.
tptrhaj;jpw;Fj; Jizahd Jyh kpjpg;G
tptrhaj;;jpidj; jq;fs;guk;giuj; njhopyhff;nfhz;l ,f;fpuhkj;jpd ;%jhijau;fs; Kd;ida fhyq;fspy; Jyh kpjpg;G %yk; jq;fs; iffspdhy; ePu;gha;r;rpNa gapu; nra;ifapidf; Fwpg;ghf ,Ugjhk; Ehw;whz;bd;
Muk;g fhyj;jpYk; mjw;F Kw;gl;lfhyj;jpYk; Nkw;nfhz;L te;jhu;fs; vdf;$WtJz;L. vUJ khl;L tz;by;fis cgNahfpj;J #j;jpu Kiwapy; ePu; gha;r;Rk; KiwAk; rpy ,lq;fspy; mWgjhk; Mz;Lfs; tiu eilKiwapy; ,Ue;J te;jJ. mjd;gpd;du; ePu; ,iwf;Fk Nkhl;lhu; ,ae;jpuq;fis itj;J kz;nzz;izapd; cjtpAld; tpis epyq;fSf;F ePu; gha;r;rg;gl;L te;jd.
tptrhak; jtpu rpW ifj;njhopy; vDk;NghJ RUl;Lj;njhopy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ. Tptrha epyq;fspy; Rkhu; %d;W khjq;fSf;Fg; Gifapiy gapu;r;nra;if Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtjdhy; RUl;Lf;ifj;njhop;y; tsu;r;rp ngwr; re;ju;g;gkhf mike;Js;sJ. rpy jdpahu; RUl;Lf; ifj;njhopy; fk;gdpfspDhlhf xU gFjp kf;fSf;F Ntiy tha;g;Gk; fpilf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jdpahu; RUl;Lf; fk;gdpfspy; ,Ue;J Vw;WkjpahFk; Gifapiyr; ;RUl;Lfs; njd; ,yq;ifapy; gpugykhf cs;sJ. fpuhkj;jpd; rpy ,lq;fspy; ,J Fbirj; njhopyhfTk; ,aq;fp te;jJ.
njhlu;r;rpahfr; rpy ,lq;fspYs;s gid kuf;fhzpfspy; rPty; njhopyhsu;fs; xU rpyu; mjidj; jq;fs; rPtNdhghaj; njhopyhfr; nra;J nfhz;L tUfpd;wdu;. guk;giu guk;giuahf ,j;njhopiyr; nra;JtUk; Fwpg;gpl;l ,j;njhopyhsu;fSf;F ,j;jifa njhopy; ey;y tUkhdj;ijj;jUk; njhopyhfNt Kd;du; ,Ue;J te;jJ . gpd;du; <og;Nghuhl;l fhyq;fspYk; mjw;F Kw;gl;l fhyq;fspYk; gy;NtW NjitfSf;fhf ,g;gidkuq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;L tUk; NghJ ,j;njhopyhsu;fs; NtW njhopy;fis ehlNtz;ba epiyik Vw;gl;lJ.
,e;Jf;fs; kl;LNk cs;s Cu;
vOgjhk; Mz;L fhyq;fspy; fpuhkj;jpy; ehd;F jdpahu; muprp Miyfs; ,aq;fpte;jd. new;fis Ntfitj;J muprpahf khw;Wk; ,k;Nkhl;lhu; ,ae;jpu Miyfs; %yk; rpWNtiy tha;g;GfSk; Vw;gl;lJ. Gpd;du; fhy Xl;lq;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf ,itfs; vOgjhk; Mz;bd; ,Wjpf; fhyq;fspy; jw;fhypfkhfr; nraypoe;J ,Ue;jJ
<og;Nghu; njhlq;fKd;G ,Ue;j kf;fs; njhif rpW Mapuq;fshf kl;Lk; ,Ue;j ,r;rpw;Whupy; ,e;J rkaj;jpy; Cwpatu;fisj; jtpu Vida ve;j kjq;fSk; ,q;F ,y;iy. 19k; Ehw;whz;by; Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; maw;fpuhkq;fspy; Vida kjq;fspd; CLUty;fs; ,Ue;jNghjpYk; ,q;F mJ ntw;wpaspf;ftpy;iy.
12 tifahd ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fs;.
Vuhskhd ,e;J Myaq;ds; ,q;F cs;sd. mitahtd
1. fw;fiu fw;gf tpehafu; Myak;
2. nrhf;fu; tsT Nrhjp tpehafu; Myak;
3. fd;dpkhu; mk;ghs; Myak;
4. Nfzpab Qhditutu; Myak;
5. fhspNfhtpy;
6. tPugj;jpu Nfhtpy;
7. G+q;nfhb Qhditutu; Nfhtpy;(FUk;grpl;b tPjpapy; cs;sJ)
8. Kj;ju; tsT gps;isahu; Nfhtpy;
9. ijyq;flit Qhditutu; Myak;
10. rkhjp mk;kd; Myak;
18k; Ehw;whz;bd; ,Wjpf;fhyj;jpy; rutiz rhkpahu; vd;Dk; xU Jwtp Muk;gpj;J G+rpj;Jg; gpd;du; ,q;F rkhjp mile;j fhuzj;jpdhy; rkhjp mk;kd; Myak; vdg;gLtJz;L.
11. fe;ju; tsT Qhditutu; Myak;
12. vWk;Gf;flit mk;kd; Myak;
jpdKk; mjpfhiy Neuj;jpy; #upad; cjpf;fKd;G Nrty; $tp kf;fisj; Japy; vOg;Gk; Neuj;jpy; ,t; Myaq;fspd; kzpNahir gutyhf vy;yhj; ;jpirfspypUe;Jk; xypf;Fk;. me;j epfo;T fw;gidapy; nfhz;L tUk;NghNj nka; rpypu;f;Fk;. mNefkhf jpUntk;ghitf;fhyq;fspy; ,t;tif xypfs; kpfTk; rpwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;.
Myaq;fs; jtpu nghJ epWtdq;fspy; fpuhk mgptpUj;jpr;rq;fk; vd;Dk; mikg;G rpy jrhg;jq;fSf;F Kd;du; ,f;fpuhkk; mike;jpUf;Fk; cLtpy; cjtp murhq;fg; gpuptpd; fPo; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Lg; gy;NtW tifahd Nritfis Mw;wpte;jJ. ,jpy; [e;J Ngu; nfhz;l fpuhkpa gQ;rhaj;J rig vd;w xU rigapid cUthf;fp fpuhkj;J kf;fspy; gyu; vy;iy fhzp tof;Ffs; cl;gl gy tof;Ffs; gpur;rpidfis nghyp]; epiyak; ePjpkd;wk; vd;W mnefkhfr; nry;ytplhJ rkhjhdkhfj; jPu;f;fg;gl;L tUk; kuG Kiw nray;gl;L te;jJ.
ru;tKk; tpf;NdRtuhkak;
tpf;NdRtug; ngUkhd; jpUehkj;jpidf; fpuhk kf;fs; vd;Wk; ve;j tplaj;jpYk; gad;gLj;Jthu;fs; vd;gjw;F mq;Fs;s ePz;l gy jrhg;jq;fSf;F Kd;du; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l nghJ epWtdq;fSf;F itf;fg;gl;l ngau;fs; %yk; mwpe;Jnfhs;syhk;.
(m) tpf;NdRtuh tpj;jpahrhiy (1973y; tpf;NdRtuh kfh tpj;jpahyak; vd juk; cau;j;jg;gl;lJ)
(M) tpf;NdRtuh rd r%f epiyak;
(,) tpf;NdRtuh tpisahl;Lf;fofk;
1925 y; Mz;l gpupj;jhdpa Vfhjpgj;jpa Ml;rp ,yq;ifapid Ml;rp nra;j fhyk; ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsq;fisr;Ruz;b jq;fs; ehl;bw;F vLj;Jf; nry;tjidNa Nehf;fkhf nfhz;bUe;jhu;fNs jtpu ehl;bYs;s fpuhkpa tsu;r;rpfisg; gw;wp kz;zpypUe;J gbj;Jr; rl;lj;juzpahfg; gjtp tfpj;j mkuu; itj;jpypq;fk; jk;gpuhrh vd;Wk; mf;fhy fpuhkj;Jr; nry;te;ju; xUtupd; jdp Kaw;rpapdhy; fpuhkj;J kf;fis xd;W Nru;j;J 1925k; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lNj tpf;NdRtuh tpj;jpahrhiy vd;Dk; ghlrhiyahFk;.
fpuhkj;jpd; kj;jpapy; ,g;ghlrhiy Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Lr; rpy tUlq;fspd; gpd;G Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l epWtdNk tpf;NdRtuh rd r%f epiyak; MFk;. md;iwa fhy fl;lj;jpy; aho;g;ghzk; itj;jP];tuh fy;Yhupapd; gpugy Mq;fpy Mrpupauhfg; gjtp tfpj;j Fg;gpohd; fpuhkj;jtuhd jpU. Re;juru;kh mtu;fs; jiyikapy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Lg; gy r%fg;gzpfis ,e;epWtdk; Mw;wp te;jJ.
gpd;dhspy; r%f Nritapy; mtuJ rPlu;fshf ,Ue;J KO Neukhfr; r%fg;gzp Gupe;Jte;j jpU itj;jpypq;fk; gz;bju; jpU jk;G-jUkypq;fk; rl;lj;juzp jpU. f. itutehjd; MfpNahupd; Kaw;rpapdhy; tsu;f;fg;gl;L gpd;dhspy; fpuhkj;J ,sk; jiy Kiwfspdhy; ,itfs; njhlug;gl;L te;jJ.
tpisahl;Lj;Jiwapy; rhjid gilj;j tpisahl;Lf; fofkhd tpf;NdRtuh tpisahl;Lf;fofk; cijge;jhl;lj;jpy; aho;g;ghz Flhehl;bNyNa jkf;nfd xU ed;kjpg;igg; ngw;wpUe;jJ.
Fg;gpohd; fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;J VNjh xU tifapy; ,iwgzp kf;fs;gzp nra;J tuyhw;wpy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w rpyiu ,q;F Fwpg;gplyhk;.
1. kfhd; fhrpthrp nre;jpehijau;
2. ,irNkij Fg;gpohd; nry;yj;Jiu
3. ehlff; fiyQu; gPjhk;guk;
4. irtG+rzk; fh. ey;iyah
,itfs; jtpu ,d;Dk; gy mwpQu;fs; cs;SupYk; ntspA+upYk; tho;e;J nfhz;Nl cs;shu;fs;.
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l Ma;Tfs; ahTk; <og;Nghuhl;lk; njhlq;f Kd;G ,Ue;j epiyikfs; MFk;.
Mdhy; <og;Nghuhl;l fhyq;fspy; gyhyp ,uhZt KfhKf;F mUnf cs;s fpuhkk; Mdjhy; ngupJk; ghjpg;Gf;fisAk; ,lg;ngau;TfisAk; vk; fpuhk kf;fs; vjpu; nfhs;s Ntz;bapUe;jJ. Nghuhl;l fhyq;fspy; fpukj;jpy; vtUNk ,y;yhky; mk;kz; ePu;tsk; Nrhiytsq;fs; ahTk; ntwpr;Nrhbg;Ngha; ,Ue;j epiyikiaAk; gpd;du; kPsTk; kf;fs; FbNawp nghJ epWtdq;fis kpfTk; ke;j fjpapNyDk; rPuope;j epiyikapy; mq;F vQ;rpapUg;Nghu; ,aq;fitj;Jf;nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
Rpt-gQ;rypq;fk;
ed;wp - Fg;gpshd;.nfhk;
aho;g;ghz efupy; ,Ue;J tlf;Fg; gf;fkhfr; Rkhu; vl;L iky;fSf;F mg;ghy; Flhehl;bd; gpujhd tPjpfshd gyhyp tPjpapy; Gd;dhiyf;fl;Ltd; (tlf;F) re;jpapidAk; fhq;Nfrd;Jiw tPjpapy; ky;yhfk; re;jpapidAk; ,izf;Fk; tPjpapy; (kj;jpa Nuif Nghd;W fpuhkj;ij ClWj;Jr; nry;Yk; tPjp) fLk; rptg;G epwkhd nrk;kz; tsk; nfhopf;Fk; rpW fpuhkNk Fg;gpohd; vd;Dk; rpw;Whu; MFk;. khdpg;gha; njhFjpapy; Rkhu; ,uz;L rJu iky;fis gug;gsthff; nfhz;l ,f;fpuhkj;jpw;F Fg;gpohd; vd;w ngau; vg;gb cUthfpaJ vd;gjw;F tuyhw;W uPjpahd Mjhuq;fs; cWjpahf fpilf;fhtpl;lhYk; 1964 k; Mz;L Vohiyf;fpuhkj;jpd; xU gFjpahf ,Ue;J gpupe;J jdpf;fpuhkkhf cUthf;fg;gl;lNghJ ntspaplg;gl;l fpuhNkhja kyu; rQ;rpifapy; Fg;gpoha; vd;Dk; xU Gy; G+z;L ,e;j kz;zpy; mjpfkhff; fhzg;gl;ljd; fhuzkhfNt Fg;gpohd; vd;Dk; ngau; cUthfpaJ vd Fwpg;gplg;gl;bUe;jJ.
fpuhkj;jpd; Gtpapay; epiyikapid Ma;T nra;J ghu;j;jhy; tlf;Nf FUk;grpl;b njw;Nf ikyq;fhL Nkw;Nf Vohiy fpof;Nf Gd;dhiyf;fl;Ltd; Nghd;w fpuhkq;fs; mike;Js;sd. ,g;Gtpapay; epyj;jpd; miuthrp epyk; gapu;r;nra;if epykhfNt Kd;ida fhyq;fspy; ,Ue;J te;jJ. fpuhkj;jpd; ikakhf cs;s Fg;gpohd; re;jpapypUe;J njw;Fg;gf;fkhf cs;s epyg;gug;gpy; mjhtJ njw;F vy;iyf;fpuhkkhd ikyq;fhLtiu cs;s Gtpg;gug;gpy; vz;gJ tPjkhdit gapu;r;nra;if epyq;fshFk;.
Fwpg;ghf khiy Neuq;fspy; Mz;fs; ngz;fs; rpWtu; rpWkpfs; vd xw;Wikahfj; jq;fs; jq;fs; nrhe;j tpisepyq;fspy; ,Ue;J cw;rhfkhf Ntiy nra;tjidg; ghu;j;jhy; mJNt fpuhk kf;fspd; tplhKaw;rpf;F xU vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;.
kf;fs; FbapUf;Fk; fpuhkj;jpd; Vida gFjpfspy; fpLFNtypfs; kjpy;fs; Mfpatw;wpdhy; Rw;wp milf;fg;gl;l ,y;y tsTfSk; mf;FbapUg;Gfspy; cs;s jdpj;jdp ePu;r;Ruq;fq;fshd fpzWfs; mf;fpzw;wpypUe;J fpilfFk; RitkpFe;j Fbjz;zPu; mt;tstpDs; nropg;ghf tsu;e;J Nrhiy Nghd;W %bapUf;Fk; gyh kh njd;id Njhilfs; vYkpr;ir kuq;fs; ,itfs;ahTk; Xu; ,aw;ifapd; mikg;GfshFk;.
tptrhaj;jpw;Fj; Jizahd Jyh kpjpg;G
tptrhaj;;jpidj; jq;fs;guk;giuj; njhopyhff;nfhz;l ,f;fpuhkj;jpd ;%jhijau;fs; Kd;ida fhyq;fspy; Jyh kpjpg;G %yk; jq;fs; iffspdhy; ePu;gha;r;rpNa gapu; nra;ifapidf; Fwpg;ghf ,Ugjhk; Ehw;whz;bd;
Muk;g fhyj;jpYk; mjw;F Kw;gl;lfhyj;jpYk; Nkw;nfhz;L te;jhu;fs; vdf;$WtJz;L. vUJ khl;L tz;by;fis cgNahfpj;J #j;jpu Kiwapy; ePu; gha;r;Rk; KiwAk; rpy ,lq;fspy; mWgjhk; Mz;Lfs; tiu eilKiwapy; ,Ue;J te;jJ. mjd;gpd;du; ePu; ,iwf;Fk Nkhl;lhu; ,ae;jpuq;fis itj;J kz;nzz;izapd; cjtpAld; tpis epyq;fSf;F ePu; gha;r;rg;gl;L te;jd.
tptrhak; jtpu rpW ifj;njhopy; vDk;NghJ RUl;Lj;njhopy; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWfpwJ. Tptrha epyq;fspy; Rkhu; %d;W khjq;fSf;Fg; Gifapiy gapu;r;nra;if Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ngWtjdhy; RUl;Lf;ifj;njhop;y; tsu;r;rp ngwr; re;ju;g;gkhf mike;Js;sJ. rpy jdpahu; RUl;Lf; ifj;njhopy; fk;gdpfspDhlhf xU gFjp kf;fSf;F Ntiy tha;g;Gk; fpilf;fpd;wJ. ,j;jdpahu; RUl;Lf; fk;gdpfspy; ,Ue;J Vw;WkjpahFk; Gifapiyr; ;RUl;Lfs; njd; ,yq;ifapy; gpugykhf cs;sJ. fpuhkj;jpd; rpy ,lq;fspy; ,J Fbirj; njhopyhfTk; ,aq;fp te;jJ.
njhlu;r;rpahfr; rpy ,lq;fspYs;s gid kuf;fhzpfspy; rPty; njhopyhsu;fs; xU rpyu; mjidj; jq;fs; rPtNdhghaj; njhopyhfr; nra;J nfhz;L tUfpd;wdu;. guk;giu guk;giuahf ,j;njhopiyr; nra;JtUk; Fwpg;gpl;l ,j;njhopyhsu;fSf;F ,j;jifa njhopy; ey;y tUkhdj;ijj;jUk; njhopyhfNt Kd;du; ,Ue;J te;jJ . gpd;du; <og;Nghuhl;l fhyq;fspYk; mjw;F Kw;gl;l fhyq;fspYk; gy;NtW NjitfSf;fhf ,g;gidkuq;fs; mopf;fg;gl;L tUk; NghJ ,j;njhopyhsu;fs; NtW njhopy;fis ehlNtz;ba epiyik Vw;gl;lJ.
,e;Jf;fs; kl;LNk cs;s Cu;
vOgjhk; Mz;L fhyq;fspy; fpuhkj;jpy; ehd;F jdpahu; muprp Miyfs; ,aq;fpte;jd. new;fis Ntfitj;J muprpahf khw;Wk; ,k;Nkhl;lhu; ,ae;jpu Miyfs; %yk; rpWNtiy tha;g;GfSk; Vw;gl;lJ. Gpd;du; fhy Xl;lq;fspd; nraw;ghLfs; fhuzkhf ,itfs; vOgjhk; Mz;bd; ,Wjpf; fhyq;fspy; jw;fhypfkhfr; nraypoe;J ,Ue;jJ
<og;Nghu; njhlq;fKd;G ,Ue;j kf;fs; njhif rpW Mapuq;fshf kl;Lk; ,Ue;j ,r;rpw;Whupy; ,e;J rkaj;jpy; Cwpatu;fisj; jtpu Vida ve;j kjq;fSk; ,q;F ,y;iy. 19k; Ehw;whz;by; Mq;fpNyau; Ml;rpf;fhyj;jpy; maw;fpuhkq;fspy; Vida kjq;fspd; CLUty;fs; ,Ue;jNghjpYk; ,q;F mJ ntw;wpaspf;ftpy;iy.
12 tifahd ,e;Jf; Nfhapy;fs;.
Vuhskhd ,e;J Myaq;ds; ,q;F cs;sd. mitahtd
1. fw;fiu fw;gf tpehafu; Myak;
2. nrhf;fu; tsT Nrhjp tpehafu; Myak;
3. fd;dpkhu; mk;ghs; Myak;
4. Nfzpab Qhditutu; Myak;
5. fhspNfhtpy;
6. tPugj;jpu Nfhtpy;
7. G+q;nfhb Qhditutu; Nfhtpy;(FUk;grpl;b tPjpapy; cs;sJ)
8. Kj;ju; tsT gps;isahu; Nfhtpy;
9. ijyq;flit Qhditutu; Myak;
10. rkhjp mk;kd; Myak;
18k; Ehw;whz;bd; ,Wjpf;fhyj;jpy; rutiz rhkpahu; vd;Dk; xU Jwtp Muk;gpj;J G+rpj;Jg; gpd;du; ,q;F rkhjp mile;j fhuzj;jpdhy; rkhjp mk;kd; Myak; vdg;gLtJz;L.
11. fe;ju; tsT Qhditutu; Myak;
12. vWk;Gf;flit mk;kd; Myak;
jpdKk; mjpfhiy Neuj;jpy; #upad; cjpf;fKd;G Nrty; $tp kf;fisj; Japy; vOg;Gk; Neuj;jpy; ,t; Myaq;fspd; kzpNahir gutyhf vy;yhj; ;jpirfspypUe;Jk; xypf;Fk;. me;j epfo;T fw;gidapy; nfhz;L tUk;NghNj nka; rpypu;f;Fk;. mNefkhf jpUntk;ghitf;fhyq;fspy; ,t;tif xypfs; kpfTk; rpwg;ghf ,Uf;Fk;.
Myaq;fs; jtpu nghJ epWtdq;fspy; fpuhk mgptpUj;jpr;rq;fk; vd;Dk; mikg;G rpy jrhg;jq;fSf;F Kd;du; ,f;fpuhkk; mike;jpUf;Fk; cLtpy; cjtp murhq;fg; gpuptpd; fPo; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Lg; gy;NtW tifahd Nritfis Mw;wpte;jJ. ,jpy; [e;J Ngu; nfhz;l fpuhkpa gQ;rhaj;J rig vd;w xU rigapid cUthf;fp fpuhkj;J kf;fspy; gyu; vy;iy fhzp tof;Ffs; cl;gl gy tof;Ffs; gpur;rpidfis nghyp]; epiyak; ePjpkd;wk; vd;W mnefkhfr; nry;ytplhJ rkhjhdkhfj; jPu;f;fg;gl;L tUk; kuG Kiw nray;gl;L te;jJ.
ru;tKk; tpf;NdRtuhkak;
tpf;NdRtug; ngUkhd; jpUehkj;jpidf; fpuhk kf;fs; vd;Wk; ve;j tplaj;jpYk; gad;gLj;Jthu;fs; vd;gjw;F mq;Fs;s ePz;l gy jrhg;jq;fSf;F Kd;du; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l nghJ epWtdq;fSf;F itf;fg;gl;l ngau;fs; %yk; mwpe;Jnfhs;syhk;.
(m) tpf;NdRtuh tpj;jpahrhiy (1973y; tpf;NdRtuh kfh tpj;jpahyak; vd juk; cau;j;jg;gl;lJ)
(M) tpf;NdRtuh rd r%f epiyak;
(,) tpf;NdRtuh tpisahl;Lf;fofk;
1925 y; Mz;l gpupj;jhdpa Vfhjpgj;jpa Ml;rp ,yq;ifapid Ml;rp nra;j fhyk; ehl;bd; nghUshjhu tsq;fisr;Ruz;b jq;fs; ehl;bw;F vLj;Jf; nry;tjidNa Nehf;fkhf nfhz;bUe;jhu;fNs jtpu ehl;bYs;s fpuhkpa tsu;r;rpfisg; gw;wp kz;zpypUe;J gbj;Jr; rl;lj;juzpahfg; gjtp tfpj;j mkuu; itj;jpypq;fk; jk;gpuhrh vd;Wk; mf;fhy fpuhkj;Jr; nry;te;ju; xUtupd; jdp Kaw;rpapdhy; fpuhkj;J kf;fis xd;W Nru;j;J 1925k; Mz;L cUthf;fg;gl;lNj tpf;NdRtuh tpj;jpahrhiy vd;Dk; ghlrhiyahFk;.
fpuhkj;jpd; kj;jpapy; ,g;ghlrhiy Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Lr; rpy tUlq;fspd; gpd;G Muk;gpf;fg;gl;l epWtdNk tpf;NdRtuh rd r%f epiyak; MFk;. md;iwa fhy fl;lj;jpy; aho;g;ghzk; itj;jP];tuh fy;Yhupapd; gpugy Mq;fpy Mrpupauhfg; gjtp tfpj;j Fg;gpohd; fpuhkj;jtuhd jpU. Re;juru;kh mtu;fs; jiyikapy; Muk;gpf;fg;gl;Lg; gy r%fg;gzpfis ,e;epWtdk; Mw;wp te;jJ.
gpd;dhspy; r%f Nritapy; mtuJ rPlu;fshf ,Ue;J KO Neukhfr; r%fg;gzp Gupe;Jte;j jpU itj;jpypq;fk; gz;bju; jpU jk;G-jUkypq;fk; rl;lj;juzp jpU. f. itutehjd; MfpNahupd; Kaw;rpapdhy; tsu;f;fg;gl;L gpd;dhspy; fpuhkj;J ,sk; jiy Kiwfspdhy; ,itfs; njhlug;gl;L te;jJ.
tpisahl;Lj;Jiwapy; rhjid gilj;j tpisahl;Lf; fofkhd tpf;NdRtuh tpisahl;Lf;fofk; cijge;jhl;lj;jpy; aho;g;ghz Flhehl;bNyNa jkf;nfd xU ed;kjpg;igg; ngw;wpUe;jJ.
Fg;gpohd; fpuhkj;jpy; gpwe;J VNjh xU tifapy; ,iwgzp kf;fs;gzp nra;J tuyhw;wpy; ,lk;ngWfpd;w rpyiu ,q;F Fwpg;gplyhk;.
1. kfhd; fhrpthrp nre;jpehijau;
2. ,irNkij Fg;gpohd; nry;yj;Jiu
3. ehlff; fiyQu; gPjhk;guk;
4. irtG+rzk; fh. ey;iyah
,itfs; jtpu ,d;Dk; gy mwpQu;fs; cs;SupYk; ntspA+upYk; tho;e;J nfhz;Nl cs;shu;fs;.
NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l Ma;Tfs; ahTk; <og;Nghuhl;lk; njhlq;f Kd;G ,Ue;j epiyikfs; MFk;.
Mdhy; <og;Nghuhl;l fhyq;fspy; gyhyp ,uhZt KfhKf;F mUnf cs;s fpuhkk; Mdjhy; ngupJk; ghjpg;Gf;fisAk; ,lg;ngau;TfisAk; vk; fpuhk kf;fs; vjpu; nfhs;s Ntz;bapUe;jJ. Nghuhl;l fhyq;fspy; fpukj;jpy; vtUNk ,y;yhky; mk;kz; ePu;tsk; Nrhiytsq;fs; ahTk; ntwpr;Nrhbg;Ngha; ,Ue;j epiyikiaAk; gpd;du; kPsTk; kf;fs; FbNawp nghJ epWtdq;fis kpfTk; ke;j fjpapNyDk; rPuope;j epiyikapy; mq;F vQ;rpapUg;Nghu; ,aq;fitj;Jf;nfhz;Ls;sdu;.
Rpt-gQ;rypq;fk;
ed;wp - Fg;gpshd;.nfhk;
kw;wth;fs; gpul;b vLf;Fk;gb Vd; NghfpwPh;fs; fz;zd;. njupe;j jfty;fis kw;wth;fSf;Fk; gaDs;sjhf nrhd;dhy; gpul;lkhl;lhh;fs;.
cq;fs; Ch; gw;wpak; jhUq;fs;. vdJ Ch;Fg;gpohd; gyh; vdf;F eifr;Ritahf nrhy;thh;fs; nts;isf;fhwd; te;j fhyj;jpy; Fg;gpshdpy; te;J NjdPh; Fbj;jhh;fshk;. NjdPiuf;Fbj;Jtpl;L Fl;gpshd; vd;W nrhd;dh;fshk;. vq;fs; Cuth;fs; Fl;gpshd; vd;W nrhy;yj; njupahky; Fg;gpohd; vd;W nrhy;tjhf. mjdhy;jhd; Fg;gpohd; vDk; ngah; te;jjhf. eifr;Rithf nrhy;gtw;iw Nfhgk; tUk;gb nrhd;dhy;jhd; gpul;bnaLf; f tUthh;fs;.
cq;fs; Ch; gw;wpak; jhUq;fs;. vdJ Ch;Fg;gpohd; gyh; vdf;F eifr;Ritahf nrhy;thh;fs; nts;isf;fhwd; te;j fhyj;jpy; Fg;gpshdpy; te;J NjdPh; Fbj;jhh;fshk;. NjdPiuf;Fbj;Jtpl;L Fl;gpshd; vd;W nrhd;dh;fshk;. vq;fs; Cuth;fs; Fl;gpshd; vd;W nrhy;yj; njupahky; Fg;gpohd; vd;W nrhy;tjhf. mjdhy;jhd; Fg;gpohd; vDk; ngah; te;jjhf. eifr;Rithf nrhy;gtw;iw Nfhgk; tUk;gb nrhd;dhy;jhd; gpul;bnaLf; f tUthh;fs;.