G+jf;fz;zhb vd ehd; Fwpg;gpl;ljw;F NtNwNjhu; nghUs; tpsq;fg;gl;bUf;fpwJ Nghy; njupfpw.J
vk;ktu; gilg;Gfspy; Fiw fz;L gpbf;Fk;Nehf;Fk;
mg;gb Fiwfisf; fw;gpj;J mtw;iwj; jukpy;yhjit vd
KbT nra;JtpLtJk; Clfq;fspd; Nghf;fhf ,Uf;fpwJ.,ijj;jhd; Fwpg;gpl;Nld;
,e;jpa jpiug;glq;fspypUe;J nrhw;fis vLj;jhSk; epiy ;tsu Muk;gpj;jpUg;gJ vkJ tof;Fr; nrhw;fis ehk; ,oe;J tplf;$ba mghaj;ijj; Njhw;Wtpf;Fk;
,e;j epiykhwpdhy; kl;LNk vkJ Clfq;fspy; vkJ tho;tpay; nkhop tsu;tjw;fhdtopAk; gpwfFk;;
;,e;jpa jopou;fSf;Fk; mtu;jk; Ngr;R nkhopf;Fk; ehd; vjpupay;y .ehk;ehkhf ,Uf;f vkJ Clfq;fs; ve;j tifapy;
,d;Dk; gq;fspf;fg; Nghfpd;.wd.
;
jkpo; Clfq;fspy; ,e;jpaj; jkpo; - jkpo; Clfq;fs;
kzpjhrd; jq;fsJ fUj;J vdf;F GhpfpwJ fhuzk; jq;fspd; mj;jid fUj;NjhLk; ehd; xd;wpj;J epg;gts;. MdhYk; gythwhf fUj;J fsj;jpy; tsh;e;J rpwe;j rpe;jidfNshL ,d;W gyh; ,jw;fs; ,Uf;fpwhh;fs; ,th;fspd; jpwikfs; ,jDlNdNa Ngff; $lhJ vd;gJ vdJ Mjq;fkhfpwJ. gythwhf gy thndhypfspw;Fk; NtW gy jsq;fSf;Fk; khw,wg;gl Ntz;bajhf cs,sJ. ,jw;fs; ntsptuk; fuj;Jf;fis ghh;f;Fk; NghJ vdf;Nf tpag;ghf cs;sJ. ,jDs; cs;sth;fsJ jpwikfs; jdpj;j ,jDs; kl;LNk Klq;fp Nghff; $lhJ vd;W $w Mirg;gLfpNwd;. ,e;j fUj;jhly;fis ghh;f;Fk; NghJ gy gl;bkd;wj;jth;fs; $l tsh;tij vd;dhy; mtjhdpf;f $bajhf cs;sJ . ,th;fspd; jpwik jdpa fzzpNahL Nghf $lhJ vd;gjpy; mjpf ftdkhf ,Uf;fpNwd;.jaT nra;J midtUk; mjpftdkhf ,Uq;fs;. ,d;W ,ij $whJ Nghdhy; ehis vd;id ahUk; Ngrf; $lhJ ghUq;fs;.
Code: Select all
guzp thh;j;ijfs; vy;iy kPWfpwJ. xU gilg;ghsp tUKd; fhg;Nghdhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk,q;F kw;wth;fs; fijj;jijtplth ehd; mjpfk; fijj;Jtpl;Nld;. ehd; xU Kfj;Jld; fijf;fpd;Nwd;. rpyh; gy Kfj;Jld; fijf;fpd;wdh;. vd;d nra;a ,q;F ngha; Kfq;fs;jhd; tuNtw;fg;gLfpd;wd.
Code: Select all
cq;fspw;F VjhtJ cstpay; jhf;fk; ,Ue;jhy; cstpay; epGzh;fs; epiwa ,Uf;fpd;whhh;fs;. mth;fis ehLq;fs;.ehd; vg;gTNk te;jgpd; mij vjph;j;J epw;gtd;. tUKd; fhf;f Kay;gtd; my;y.
,e;jf;Fwp Nghl;ljw;F jtwhd mh;j;jk; Ghpag;gl;lJ. mJjhd; gjpyspj;Njd;.-
gpNwk;ehj;
- mq;fj;Jtu;
- Posts: 1576
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- Location: jkpo;<ok;
- Contact:
,yq;ifj; jkpo; Clfq;fis ghu;j;jhy; Kjyhsp ,e;jpah njhopyhsp ,yq;if 
jpdfud; gj;jpupif midtUk; ,e;jpa tk;rhtspAk; K\yPk;kSk;.
tPuNfrup gj;jpupif midtUk; ,e;jpa tk;rhtsp kl;Lky;y mjpfhuk; Fhl mtu;fsplk;. ,yq;ifj; ;jkpou ,q;F vJTk; nra;a KlpahJ ;
jpdf;Fuy; rhkp vd;gtu; ,e;jpau;fSld; mjpf cwitg; NgDfpwhu;.
jpdfud; gj;jpupif midtUk; ,e;jpa tk;rhtspAk; K\yPk;kSk;.
tPuNfrup gj;jpupif midtUk; ,e;jpa tk;rhtsp kl;Lky;y mjpfhuk; Fhl mtu;fsplk;. ,yq;ifj; ;jkpou ,q;F vJTk; nra;a KlpahJ ;
jpdf;Fuy; rhkp vd;gtu; ,e;jpau;fSld; mjpf cwitg; NgDfpwhu;.
fyhepjp ifyhrgjp mtu;fSk; ,e;jpa tk;rhtopNah?
my;yJ ,g;gbnahUtu; jpdfudpy; MrpupauhftpUe;jJ
cq;fSf;Fj; njupahNjh? vdJ rNfhjuu; (tP.eNlrd;) jpdfudpy; Vwj;jho 30 Mz;Lfs; Ehyfuhf flikahw;wp gzpnra;j fhyj;jpNyNa fhykhdjhy; ,g;NghJ kfd; me;j ,lj;jpw;F mku;j;jg; gl;bUf;fpwhu;.....ehnkhd;Wk; ,e;jpa tk;rh topay;y....
my;yJ ,g;gbnahUtu; jpdfudpy; MrpupauhftpUe;jJ
cq;fSf;Fj; njupahNjh? vdJ rNfhjuu; (tP.eNlrd;) jpdfudpy; Vwj;jho 30 Mz;Lfs; Ehyfuhf flikahw;wp gzpnra;j fhyj;jpNyNa fhykhdjhy; ,g;NghJ kfd; me;j ,lj;jpw;F mku;j;jg; gl;bUf;fpwhu;.....ehnkhd;Wk; ,e;jpa tk;rh topay;y....
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gpNwk;ehj;
- mq;fj;Jtu;
- Posts: 1576
- Joined: 27.02.2003 10:22
- Location: jkpo;<ok;
- Contact:
fyhepjp ifyhrgjp mtu;fSk; ,e;jpa tk;rhtopNah? ,tu; nra;j Nritahiy jkpo; Clfq;fs; jpUe;jpditah ,y;iy.fl;lplj;jpw;Fj;jhd; ngau; itj;jit. my;yJ ,g;gbnahUtu; jpdfudpy; MrpupauhftpUe;jJ cq;fSf;Fj; njupahNjh?,tu; ,Ue;njd;d ,y;yhky; tpl;nld;d jpdfudpy ,aYk; vd;why; jhafg ghliy vSjr; nrhy;Yk; ,y;iyNay; jhafg; Gj;jfj;ij ghu;f;f itf;fr;nrhy;Yk; ,J Klpahj fhupak; mq;F
; vdJ rNfhjuu; (tP.eNlrd;) jpdfudpy; Vwj;jho 30 Mz;Lfs; Ehyfuhf flikahw;wp gzpnra;j fhyj;jpNyNa fhykhdjhy; ,g;NghJ kfd; me;j ,lj;jpw;F mku;j;jg; gl;bUf;fpwhu;... ,J ghtk; vz;W nfhLj;j gjtp Nghy fplf;F..... ehnkhd;Wk; ,e;jpa tk;rh topay;y.... kzpjhrd; cq;fSf;F ,yq;if Clfj;ij gw;wp mjpfk; ehd; fhyg; Nghf;fpy; tpgupg;gd; ghUq;Nfh 
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gpNwk;ehj;
- mq;fj;Jtu;
- Posts: 1576
- Joined: 27.02.2003 10:22
- Location: jkpo;<ok;
- Contact:
jkpo; ,jo;fSf;F ePz;l tuyhW cz;L. mtw;wpd; ngaHfs; ngUk;ghYk; tlnkhopapNyNa ,Ue;jd. ,J md;W tlnkhopf;F ,Ue;J Vw;wj;ijAk; jkpo;nkhopf;F ,Ue;j jho;itAk; fhl;LtJ. jkpopy; ntspte;j Kjy; ehspjopd; ngaH ''jpNdhja tHj;jkhdp (1882). Kjy; thu ,jo; ''GJit murpjo;""(1832). Kjy; jpq;fs; ,jo; ''khrj;jpdr; rupij(1812).
,e;jpahtpy; ntspte;j Kjy; rpWtH ,jo; ''ghy jPgif"" (1840-ehfHNfhtpy;).
gpd;dH te;j ,jo;fspd; ngaHfs; xd;wpy; tlnkhop my;yJ Mq;fpyj;jpy; my;yJ ,uz;bYk; ,Ue;jd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf jkpo; Nkfrpd; (1831)> nkl;uh]; fpuhdpfy; (1835)> Gdpj [hH[; nfrl(1832);> ,uhr tpUj;jpNghjpdp (1833)> kjuhR nrHdy; Mg; ypl;lNur;rH mz;L rapd;R (1835)> tpj;jpahjHg;gzk; (1835-aho;g;ghzk;)> tpUj;jhe;jp (1838)> cja jhuif (1841-aho;g;ghzk;)> jpUney;Ntyp ilNahrprd; Nkfrpd; (1849)> nkhdpj;NjhH xg;gprpay; (1850).
,e;j tlnkhop Mq;fpyg; gw;W mLj;j Ehw;whz;Lf;F Nkyhf ePbj;jJ. . me;ehspy; nra;jp ,jo;fSf;F cs;@H nra;jpahsH fpilahJ. Mq;fpy nra;jpj; jhs;fopy; ,Ue;J nra;jpfis vLj;Jf; nfhs;thHfs;. GJit '',e;J Nerd;"" (8-01-1887) ,jopy; ntspte;j xU mwptpg;G:
''ngh[NdhgfhuHj;jkhf ,aw;wpa ,g;gjpupiff;Fr; rkhr;rhuf; fbjq;fsDg;g tpUk;GNthH gpwiu epj;jpj;jhapDe; jdped;ikiaf; NfhupahapDkpy;yhky; nghJ ed;ikiaNa tpNr\pj;njOjpa rfy tp\aq;fisAk;> Ehjd rkhr;rhuq;fisAk;> etPd cw;gtq;fisAk; tiue;jDg;gf; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwhHfs;.""
,e;j ciueil tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; nga;J vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; Mq;fpyf; fyg;G ,y;iy vd;gJ ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.
kpf mUikahf jdpj; jkpo;g; ngaupy; ''ntw;wpf;nfhbNahd;"" vd;w ,jo; 1876,y; ntspte;jJ. nkhj;jk; 250 gbfNs tpw;gidahapw;W. kf;fspd; fy;tp mwpT Fiwthf ,Ue;jJjhd; mjw;Ff; fhuzkhFk;.
gy FiwghLfSf;F ,ilapYk; jkpo; ciueilia tsHj;jit KOf;f KOf;f ,jo;fNs. Mde;j tpfld;> FKjk;> Xd;iyd; Nghd;w ghHg;gd VLfs; ePq;fyhf ciueilf;F typTk; nghypTk; moFk; eaKk; nfhLj;jit ,jo;fNs.
Kj;jkpopy; Kjy; jkpodh ,aw;wkpo; ciuAk; ghl;Lk; cs;slf;fpaJ vd;whYk;> rq;f fhyk; njhl;L nra;As; kl;LNk ,aw;wkpohff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Ngr;R tof;fpNy kl;LNk ciueil toq;fpaJ. ''ciu"" vd;gjw;F ''xyp'' vd;W nghUs;. njhy;fhg;gpaH mbtiuapd;wp tUk; nra;As; tifia MW vdf; Fwpg;gpl;L mtw;Ws; xd;whfpa ''ciu tif eilNa ehd;F vd nkhopg'' vdf; $WfpwhH. vdNt mtH fhyj;jpy; ciueil nra;As; eilapd; xd;whff; fUjg;gl;lJ.
gpd;dH ciuAk; ghl;Lk; fye;j rpyg;gjpfhuk; Nghd;w ''ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr; nra;As;"" vOe;jd.
jkpopy; ciueiliag; GFj;jpa ngUik fpwpj;Jt rkaj;ij gug;g jkpo;ehL te;j ntspehl;ltiuNa rhUk;. Fwpg;ghf 1680 Mk; Mz;by; ,j;jhyp ehl;by; gpwe;J> gd;nkhop mwpQH. jk; Kg;gjhk; tajpy; jkpo;ehL te;J rkag;gzp Mw;wpa rpARng];fp vd;w ,aw;ngaH nfhz;l tPukh KdptH. ,tNu jkpo;nkhop ciueilapd; je;ij vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhH.
tPukhKdptH jkpOf;Fr; nra;j njhz;L msg;gupaJ. jkpioj; Jiwawf; fw;W ,yf;fpak; ,yf;fzk; gilj;jtH. ,tH rpe;jhkzpiag; gpd;gw;wp 3715 tpUj;jg; ghf;fshy; ,aw;wpa Njk;ghtzp (1726) jpUf;Fws; kzk; fkOk; xg;gw;w fhg;gpak;. Njk;ghtzp gy ,lq;fspy; fk;gupd; ,uhkhaz fhtpaj;ij jOtpr; nry;fpwJ. Fl;bj; njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; njhd;Ehy; tpsf;fk; tPukhKdptH ,aw;wpa ,yf;fz EhyhFk;. jkpopy; Kjy; mfuKjypia (mfuhjp) ,aw;wpa ngUikAk; ,tUilaNj.
tPukhKdptiug;gw;wp vOJtjw;Ff; fhuzk; ,j;jhyp ehl;by; gpwe;J jkpo;ehl;Lf;F te;J jkpo;nkhopiaf; fw;W ,yf;fpak; ,yf;fzk; gilf;Fk;NghJ jkpo;ehl;by; gpwe;J me;jf; fhw;iw kze;J> jz;zPiuf; Fbj;J thOk; ,e;ehs; vOj;jhsHfs; jkpioj; jkpq;fpyk; Mf;fp mjd; Jha;ikia nfLg;gij vLj;Jf; fhl;lNt.
jkpo;f; fly; kiwkiy mbfsJ ,iltplh Kaw;rpahy; tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; fisnaLf;fg; gl;ld. mJNghy; jkpopy; GFe;Jtpl;l Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fis ahH fisnaLg;gJ?
mr;Rg;nghwpAld; jkpo; ciu eil Njhd;wpaJ vd;whYk; mij rPuhf tsHj;J nrk;ikahf nropf;fr; nra;jit ,jo;fNo. ,J njhlHghf ''jpdrup"" MrpupaH nrhf;fypq;fk; 1943,y; nrhy;yp ,Ug;gijg; ghHg;Nghk;.
''jw;fhy jkpo; trd eilapdH ngUikiag; gj;jpupiffNs rpukg;gl;Lj; Njb itj;jpUf;fpd;wd.
50 tU\j;Jf;F Kd;dH ,Ue;j jkpo; trd eilf;Fk; ,g;NghJ ,Ug;gjw;Fk; nuhk;g tpj;jpahrKz;L. ,t;tsT vspa eilapy;$lj; jkpio vOj KbAkh vd;W Mq;fpyj;jpy; kl;LNk cod;W nfhz;bUe;j jkpoHfs; Mr;rupag;gLfpwhHfs;. uh[pa mgpg;gpuhaq;fisnay;yhk; jkpopy; vOj KbAk; vd;gijg; ghHf;Fk;NghJ mtHfSf;F tapg;G Vw;gLfpwJ.
',z;lHeh\dy; rpl;LNa\idg; gw;wp [t`Hyhy; mdiy]; gz;zpdJ xd;lHGyha; ,Ue;jJ' vd;W nrhy;y Ntz;ba mtrpaNk jw;rkak; ,y;iy. 'rHtNjr epiyikiag; gw;wp [t`Hyhy; Muha;r;rp nra;J NgrpaJ mw;Gjkha; ,Ue;jJ" vd;W Rygkha; nrhy;yyhk;. ,t;tstpw;Fk; fhuzk; jkpo;g; gj;jpupiffs;jhd;.""
MrpupaH jkpo; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhYk; mtuJ eilapy; mNef tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,ijNa 'Kof;fk" jkpopy; vOjpdhy; vg;gb ,Uf;Fk;?
'gd;dhl;L epyikgw;wp atfHyhy; Ma;T nra;J NgrpaJ tpag;ghf ,Ue;jJ" vd;W ,yF jkpopy; vOjyhk;.
jkpopy; tlnkhopr; nrhw;fis ifahSk; NghJ mjd; xyp jkpo; kag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd njhy;fhg;gpaH 2400 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu vOjp itj;jpUf;fpwhH.
;;;''tlnrhw; fpstp tlvOj; njhuP>
vOj;njhL GzHe;j nrhy;yh Fk;Nk"" (nrhy; 401)
tlnkhop xypfis ePf;fp jkpo; vOj;Jf;fNshL mike;j nrhw;fs; tlnrhy;yhFk;. mg;gbahd nrhw;fs; tuyhk;. Mdhy; tl vOj;Jf;fs; tuf;$lhJ.
fzk; (\zk;) gpr;ir (gpi\) mup (`up) ]q;fjp (rq;fjp) Nt\k; (Ntlk;)
''rpije;jd tupDk; ,iae;jd tiuahH"" (nrhy; 402)
gpuahzk; - gazk;> up\p - ,Ub vd rpije;J te;Js;sd. ,it Nghd;wtw;iw ePf;fhH.
,NjNghy; Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fis> ngUk;ghYk; ngaHr;nrhw;fis> Mq;fpy xypfis ePf;fp jkpo;kag; gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. America mnkupf;fh> Russia cUrpah> Jesus ,NaR.
,tw;iw kdjpy; itj;Jj;jhd; ghNte;jH ghujpjhrd; '',yf;fzKk; ,yf;fpaKk; njupahNjhd; VnlOjy; NfL jUk;"" vd;whH.
Mde;jtpflDk; FKjKk; jkpq;fpy ciueiliaf; ifahs;tjw;F jkpo;nkhopgw;wpa mwpTg; gQ;rk; fhuzk; vd;W nrhy;y khl;Nld;. jkpo;g;gw;W ,y;yhjikjhd; rupahd fhuzkhFk;.
''Nghw;Wjw;Fupa thrfg; ngUkf;fNs!
tzf;fk;.
thrfHfs; epjpNahL tpfld; CopaHfs; epjpAk; NrHj;J ehd;F yl;rj;ijj; jhz;btpl;lJ vd;W fle;j ,jopy; nrhy;ypapUe;Njd;. ,d;ndhU fpuhkj;ijj; NjHT nra;Ak; gzpAk; njhlq;fptpl;lJ vd;W $wpapUe;Njd;.
mkuH v];.v]; thrdpd; g+HtPff; fpuhkk; eupkzk; vd;whYk;> ,sikapy; mtH tsHe;jnjy;yhk; jpUj;Jiwg;g+z;bapy;jhd;. tpfld; thrfHfs; epjpiag; gad;gLj;jp> mLj;jjhf ,e;jj; jhY}fhtpy; mlq;fpa fpuhkj;ijj; NjHe;njLj;J cjTtJ nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W vdf;Fj; Njhd;wpaJ.
jpUth&H khtl;lk;> jpUj;Jiwg;g+z;b jhY}fhtpy; Fd;dY}H gQ;rhaj;Jf;F cl;gl;l %d;W fpuhkq;fs; tw;wp twz;LNgha;> mq;Fs;s epykw;w tptrhaf; FLk;gq;fs; gl;bdpapy; thbf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; jfty; te;J NrHe;jJ Fd;dY}H> jHfh];j;J> vf;fy; vd xd;Nwhnlhd;W xl;bf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,e;j %d;W fpuhkq;fspy; RkhH 37 FLk;gq;fs; gupjhg epiyapy; jtpj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gJk; njupate;jJ.
%d;W fpuhkq;fisAk; nkhj;jkhfj; NjHe;njLj;J> xt;nthU FLk;gj;Jf;Fk; khjk; Kg;gJ fpNyh tPjk; MW khjq;fs; muprp toq;f nryTj; njhif Voiu yl;rj;ijj; jhz;Lk; thrfHfsplkpUe;J Nkw;nfhz;L njhif te;JtpLk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifNahL muprp %l;ilfSf;F Vw;ghL nra;J nfhz;bUe;jNghNj.. ,jw;Fj; Njitahd epjp cq;fsplkpUe;J jpuz;Ltpl;lJ mJTk; xU FLk;gj;jpypUe;J ngq;f@H> n[aefiur; NrHe;j xU jk;gjpaplkpUe;J ,uz;liu yl;r &gha;f;fhd fhNrhiy te;J NrHe;jpUf;fpwJ!
cq;fs; midtupd; Nkyhd MrpAld;> me;j %d;W fpuhkq;fSf;Fk; Kjy; khjj;Jf;fhd muprp toq;Fk; gzp ksksntd Kbe;Jtpl;lJ. Kjy; jtizahf> ,e;j khjk; 13>k; Njjp tpahof;fpoik vq;fs; gpujpepjpfs; Fd;dY}H> jHfh];j;J> vf;fy; fpuhkq;fSf;F muprpiaf; nfhz;LNgha;r; NrHf;fpwhHfs;.
mJgw;wpa tptuq;fNshL kWgbAk; cq;fisr; re;jpg;Ngd;. mjw;FKd;> JaH Jilf;Fk; jhuhs cs;sq;fSf;F kfpo;r;rpa+l;Lk; ,d;ndhU nra;jpAk; cz;L.
cq;fsplkpUe;J NkYk; epjp te;J Nruj; Jtq;fpapUf;fpwJ. Fwpg;ghf> ntspehl;by; thOk; jkpo; neQ;rq;fspd; cjtpj;njhif nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhf vq;fis te;jile;jgb ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j epjpiaf; nfhz;L> fz;zPupy; mkpo;e;jpUf;Fk; kw;nwhU fpuhkj;ijj; NjHe;njLj;J cjt KbAk; vd;w ek;gpf;if vd;Ds; g+j;Jtpl;lJ.
vy;yhk; ePq;fs; mspf;Fk; gyk;jhd;! ,Ufuk; $g;gp vd; ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.
v]; ghyRg;ukzpad;
MrpupaH
Mde;jtpfld; Mrpupauhy; vOjg;gl;l ,e;j Ntz;LNfhspy; xU Mq;fpyr; nrhy;$lg; gad;gLj;jtpy;iy. kpff; Fiwthd tlnrhw;fNs (Mrp> fpuhkq;fs;> tpguk;> fuk;...) gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. mtw;iwf;$l gzp> JaHJilf;Fk;> kfpo;r;rpA+l;Lk;> jkpo; neQ;rq;fs;> mkpo;e;jpUf;Fk;> G+j;Jtpl;lJ vd;w Jha jkpo;r; nrhy;yhl;rpiag; gad;gLj;jpajw;fhf kd;dpj;J tplyhk;!
Mde;jtpfld; MrpupaUf;F ,Uf;Fk; ,e;jj; jkpo;g;gw;W Vd; Mde;jtpfld; Jiz MrpupaHfSf;F ,Ug;gjpy;iy vd;gJ tpag;ghf ,Uf;fpwJ. MrpupaNu tpfld; ntspaPLfisg; gbg;gjpy;iyah?
f;iuk;>
krhyh kpf;];>
NyB]; xd;yp>
layhf;>
Ngh];l;khHl;lk;>
#L fpsg;gpa Rg;gH khHfn;fl;>
Nrdy; f;Nsh]g;>
kp];lH fOF>
kp];lH uPy;>
kp];lH kpaht;>
jpUl;L N[hf;>
fs;s Nthl;Lg; Nghl;lhy; Xuhz;L n[apy; vd NjHjy; fkp\d; vr;rupj;Js;sJ
fgpy; mq;fpisr; re;jpr;Nrhk;
ik baH khah Br;rH ik baH
fhkpf;];
];ng\y;
vd;w Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fis Mde;jtpfld;> [{dpaH tpfld;> Rl;b nra;jpj; jiyg;GfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpj; njhiyf;fpd;wd. jkpio Vd;jhd; ,g;gbf; nfhiy nra;fpwhHfs;?
,e;jpahtpy; ntspte;j Kjy; rpWtH ,jo; ''ghy jPgif"" (1840-ehfHNfhtpy;).
gpd;dH te;j ,jo;fspd; ngaHfs; xd;wpy; tlnkhop my;yJ Mq;fpyj;jpy; my;yJ ,uz;bYk; ,Ue;jd. vLj;Jf;fhl;lhf jkpo; Nkfrpd; (1831)> nkl;uh]; fpuhdpfy; (1835)> Gdpj [hH[; nfrl(1832);> ,uhr tpUj;jpNghjpdp (1833)> kjuhR nrHdy; Mg; ypl;lNur;rH mz;L rapd;R (1835)> tpj;jpahjHg;gzk; (1835-aho;g;ghzk;)> tpUj;jhe;jp (1838)> cja jhuif (1841-aho;g;ghzk;)> jpUney;Ntyp ilNahrprd; Nkfrpd; (1849)> nkhdpj;NjhH xg;gprpay; (1850).
,e;j tlnkhop Mq;fpyg; gw;W mLj;j Ehw;whz;Lf;F Nkyhf ePbj;jJ. . me;ehspy; nra;jp ,jo;fSf;F cs;@H nra;jpahsH fpilahJ. Mq;fpy nra;jpj; jhs;fopy; ,Ue;J nra;jpfis vLj;Jf; nfhs;thHfs;. GJit '',e;J Nerd;"" (8-01-1887) ,jopy; ntspte;j xU mwptpg;G:
''ngh[NdhgfhuHj;jkhf ,aw;wpa ,g;gjpupiff;Fr; rkhr;rhuf; fbjq;fsDg;g tpUk;GNthH gpwiu epj;jpj;jhapDe; jdped;ikiaf; NfhupahapDkpy;yhky; nghJ ed;ikiaNa tpNr\pj;njOjpa rfy tp\aq;fisAk;> Ehjd rkhr;rhuq;fisAk;> etPd cw;gtq;fisAk; tiue;jDg;gf; Nfl;Lf; nfhs;sg;gLfpwhHfs;.""
,e;j ciueil tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; nga;J vOjg;gl;Ls;sJ. Mdhy; Mq;fpyf; fyg;G ,y;iy vd;gJ ftdpf;fj;jf;fJ.
kpf mUikahf jdpj; jkpo;g; ngaupy; ''ntw;wpf;nfhbNahd;"" vd;w ,jo; 1876,y; ntspte;jJ. nkhj;jk; 250 gbfNs tpw;gidahapw;W. kf;fspd; fy;tp mwpT Fiwthf ,Ue;jJjhd; mjw;Ff; fhuzkhFk;.
gy FiwghLfSf;F ,ilapYk; jkpo; ciueilia tsHj;jit KOf;f KOf;f ,jo;fNs. Mde;j tpfld;> FKjk;> Xd;iyd; Nghd;w ghHg;gd VLfs; ePq;fyhf ciueilf;F typTk; nghypTk; moFk; eaKk; nfhLj;jit ,jo;fNs.
Kj;jkpopy; Kjy; jkpodh ,aw;wkpo; ciuAk; ghl;Lk; cs;slf;fpaJ vd;whYk;> rq;f fhyk; njhl;L nra;As; kl;LNk ,aw;wkpohff; nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. Ngr;R tof;fpNy kl;LNk ciueil toq;fpaJ. ''ciu"" vd;gjw;F ''xyp'' vd;W nghUs;. njhy;fhg;gpaH mbtiuapd;wp tUk; nra;As; tifia MW vdf; Fwpg;gpl;L mtw;Ws; xd;whfpa ''ciu tif eilNa ehd;F vd nkhopg'' vdf; $WfpwhH. vdNt mtH fhyj;jpy; ciueil nra;As; eilapd; xd;whff; fUjg;gl;lJ.
gpd;dH ciuAk; ghl;Lk; fye;j rpyg;gjpfhuk; Nghd;w ''ciuapilapl;l ghl;Lilr; nra;As;"" vOe;jd.
jkpopy; ciueiliag; GFj;jpa ngUik fpwpj;Jt rkaj;ij gug;g jkpo;ehL te;j ntspehl;ltiuNa rhUk;. Fwpg;ghf 1680 Mk; Mz;by; ,j;jhyp ehl;by; gpwe;J> gd;nkhop mwpQH. jk; Kg;gjhk; tajpy; jkpo;ehL te;J rkag;gzp Mw;wpa rpARng];fp vd;w ,aw;ngaH nfhz;l tPukh KdptH. ,tNu jkpo;nkhop ciueilapd; je;ij vdg; Nghw;wg;gLfpwhH.
tPukhKdptH jkpOf;Fr; nra;j njhz;L msg;gupaJ. jkpioj; Jiwawf; fw;W ,yf;fpak; ,yf;fzk; gilj;jtH. ,tH rpe;jhkzpiag; gpd;gw;wp 3715 tpUj;jg; ghf;fshy; ,aw;wpa Njk;ghtzp (1726) jpUf;Fws; kzk; fkOk; xg;gw;w fhg;gpak;. Njk;ghtzp gy ,lq;fspy; fk;gupd; ,uhkhaz fhtpaj;ij jOtpr; nry;fpwJ. Fl;bj; njhy;fhg;gpak; vd;W miof;fg;gLk; njhd;Ehy; tpsf;fk; tPukhKdptH ,aw;wpa ,yf;fz EhyhFk;. jkpopy; Kjy; mfuKjypia (mfuhjp) ,aw;wpa ngUikAk; ,tUilaNj.
tPukhKdptiug;gw;wp vOJtjw;Ff; fhuzk; ,j;jhyp ehl;by; gpwe;J jkpo;ehl;Lf;F te;J jkpo;nkhopiaf; fw;W ,yf;fpak; ,yf;fzk; gilf;Fk;NghJ jkpo;ehl;by; gpwe;J me;jf; fhw;iw kze;J> jz;zPiuf; Fbj;J thOk; ,e;ehs; vOj;jhsHfs; jkpioj; jkpq;fpyk; Mf;fp mjd; Jha;ikia nfLg;gij vLj;Jf; fhl;lNt.
jkpo;f; fly; kiwkiy mbfsJ ,iltplh Kaw;rpahy; tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; fisnaLf;fg; gl;ld. mJNghy; jkpopy; GFe;Jtpl;l Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fis ahH fisnaLg;gJ?
mr;Rg;nghwpAld; jkpo; ciu eil Njhd;wpaJ vd;whYk; mij rPuhf tsHj;J nrk;ikahf nropf;fr; nra;jit ,jo;fNo. ,J njhlHghf ''jpdrup"" MrpupaH nrhf;fypq;fk; 1943,y; nrhy;yp ,Ug;gijg; ghHg;Nghk;.
''jw;fhy jkpo; trd eilapdH ngUikiag; gj;jpupiffNs rpukg;gl;Lj; Njb itj;jpUf;fpd;wd.
50 tU\j;Jf;F Kd;dH ,Ue;j jkpo; trd eilf;Fk; ,g;NghJ ,Ug;gjw;Fk; nuhk;g tpj;jpahrKz;L. ,t;tsT vspa eilapy;$lj; jkpio vOj KbAkh vd;W Mq;fpyj;jpy; kl;LNk cod;W nfhz;bUe;j jkpoHfs; Mr;rupag;gLfpwhHfs;. uh[pa mgpg;gpuhaq;fisnay;yhk; jkpopy; vOj KbAk; vd;gijg; ghHf;Fk;NghJ mtHfSf;F tapg;G Vw;gLfpwJ.
',z;lHeh\dy; rpl;LNa\idg; gw;wp [t`Hyhy; mdiy]; gz;zpdJ xd;lHGyha; ,Ue;jJ' vd;W nrhy;y Ntz;ba mtrpaNk jw;rkak; ,y;iy. 'rHtNjr epiyikiag; gw;wp [t`Hyhy; Muha;r;rp nra;J NgrpaJ mw;Gjkha; ,Ue;jJ" vd;W Rygkha; nrhy;yyhk;. ,t;tstpw;Fk; fhuzk; jkpo;g; gj;jpupiffs;jhd;.""
MrpupaH jkpo; vd;W Fwpg;gpl;lhYk; mtuJ eilapy; mNef tlnkhopr; nrhw;fs; ,Ug;gijf; fhzyhk;. ,ijNa 'Kof;fk" jkpopy; vOjpdhy; vg;gb ,Uf;Fk;?
'gd;dhl;L epyikgw;wp atfHyhy; Ma;T nra;J NgrpaJ tpag;ghf ,Ue;jJ" vd;W ,yF jkpopy; vOjyhk;.
jkpopy; tlnkhopr; nrhw;fis ifahSk; NghJ mjd; xyp jkpo; kag;gLjy; Ntz;Lk; vd njhy;fhg;gpaH 2400 Mz;LfSf;F Kd;dNu vOjp itj;jpUf;fpwhH.
;;;''tlnrhw; fpstp tlvOj; njhuP>
vOj;njhL GzHe;j nrhy;yh Fk;Nk"" (nrhy; 401)
tlnkhop xypfis ePf;fp jkpo; vOj;Jf;fNshL mike;j nrhw;fs; tlnrhy;yhFk;. mg;gbahd nrhw;fs; tuyhk;. Mdhy; tl vOj;Jf;fs; tuf;$lhJ.
fzk; (\zk;) gpr;ir (gpi\) mup (`up) ]q;fjp (rq;fjp) Nt\k; (Ntlk;)
''rpije;jd tupDk; ,iae;jd tiuahH"" (nrhy; 402)
gpuahzk; - gazk;> up\p - ,Ub vd rpije;J te;Js;sd. ,it Nghd;wtw;iw ePf;fhH.
,NjNghy; Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fis> ngUk;ghYk; ngaHr;nrhw;fis> Mq;fpy xypfis ePf;fp jkpo;kag; gLj;jy; Ntz;Lk;. America mnkupf;fh> Russia cUrpah> Jesus ,NaR.
,tw;iw kdjpy; itj;Jj;jhd; ghNte;jH ghujpjhrd; '',yf;fzKk; ,yf;fpaKk; njupahNjhd; VnlOjy; NfL jUk;"" vd;whH.
Mde;jtpflDk; FKjKk; jkpq;fpy ciueiliaf; ifahs;tjw;F jkpo;nkhopgw;wpa mwpTg; gQ;rk; fhuzk; vd;W nrhy;y khl;Nld;. jkpo;g;gw;W ,y;yhjikjhd; rupahd fhuzkhFk;.
''Nghw;Wjw;Fupa thrfg; ngUkf;fNs!
tzf;fk;.
thrfHfs; epjpNahL tpfld; CopaHfs; epjpAk; NrHj;J ehd;F yl;rj;ijj; jhz;btpl;lJ vd;W fle;j ,jopy; nrhy;ypapUe;Njd;. ,d;ndhU fpuhkj;ijj; NjHT nra;Ak; gzpAk; njhlq;fptpl;lJ vd;W $wpapUe;Njd;.
mkuH v];.v]; thrdpd; g+HtPff; fpuhkk; eupkzk; vd;whYk;> ,sikapy; mtH tsHe;jnjy;yhk; jpUj;Jiwg;g+z;bapy;jhd;. tpfld; thrfHfs; epjpiag; gad;gLj;jp> mLj;jjhf ,e;jj; jhY}fhtpy; mlq;fpa fpuhkj;ijj; NjHe;njLj;J cjTtJ nghUj;jkhf ,Uf;Fk; vd;W vdf;Fj; Njhd;wpaJ.
jpUth&H khtl;lk;> jpUj;Jiwg;g+z;b jhY}fhtpy; Fd;dY}H gQ;rhaj;Jf;F cl;gl;l %d;W fpuhkq;fs; tw;wp twz;LNgha;> mq;Fs;s epykw;w tptrhaf; FLk;gq;fs; gl;bdpapy; thbf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; jfty; te;J NrHe;jJ Fd;dY}H> jHfh];j;J> vf;fy; vd xd;Nwhnlhd;W xl;bf;nfhz;bUf;Fk; ,e;j %d;W fpuhkq;fspy; RkhH 37 FLk;gq;fs; gupjhg epiyapy; jtpj;Jf; nfhz;bUg;gJk; njupate;jJ.
%d;W fpuhkq;fisAk; nkhj;jkhfj; NjHe;njLj;J> xt;nthU FLk;gj;Jf;Fk; khjk; Kg;gJ fpNyh tPjk; MW khjq;fs; muprp toq;f nryTj; njhif Voiu yl;rj;ijj; jhz;Lk; thrfHfsplkpUe;J Nkw;nfhz;L njhif te;JtpLk; vd;w ek;gpf;ifNahL muprp %l;ilfSf;F Vw;ghL nra;J nfhz;bUe;jNghNj.. ,jw;Fj; Njitahd epjp cq;fsplkpUe;J jpuz;Ltpl;lJ mJTk; xU FLk;gj;jpypUe;J ngq;f@H> n[aefiur; NrHe;j xU jk;gjpaplkpUe;J ,uz;liu yl;r &gha;f;fhd fhNrhiy te;J NrHe;jpUf;fpwJ!
cq;fs; midtupd; Nkyhd MrpAld;> me;j %d;W fpuhkq;fSf;Fk; Kjy; khjj;Jf;fhd muprp toq;Fk; gzp ksksntd Kbe;Jtpl;lJ. Kjy; jtizahf> ,e;j khjk; 13>k; Njjp tpahof;fpoik vq;fs; gpujpepjpfs; Fd;dY}H> jHfh];j;J> vf;fy; fpuhkq;fSf;F muprpiaf; nfhz;LNgha;r; NrHf;fpwhHfs;.
mJgw;wpa tptuq;fNshL kWgbAk; cq;fisr; re;jpg;Ngd;. mjw;FKd;> JaH Jilf;Fk; jhuhs cs;sq;fSf;F kfpo;r;rpa+l;Lk; ,d;ndhU nra;jpAk; cz;L.
cq;fsplkpUe;J NkYk; epjp te;J Nruj; Jtq;fpapUf;fpwJ. Fwpg;ghf> ntspehl;by; thOk; jkpo; neQ;rq;fspd; cjtpj;njhif nfhQ;rk; nfhQ;rkhf vq;fis te;jile;jgb ,Uf;fpwJ. ,e;j epjpiaf; nfhz;L> fz;zPupy; mkpo;e;jpUf;Fk; kw;nwhU fpuhkj;ijj; NjHe;njLj;J cjt KbAk; vd;w ek;gpf;if vd;Ds; g+j;Jtpl;lJ.
vy;yhk; ePq;fs; mspf;Fk; gyk;jhd;! ,Ufuk; $g;gp vd; ed;wpiaj; njuptpj;Jf; nfhs;fpNwd;.
v]; ghyRg;ukzpad;
MrpupaH
Mde;jtpfld; Mrpupauhy; vOjg;gl;l ,e;j Ntz;LNfhspy; xU Mq;fpyr; nrhy;$lg; gad;gLj;jtpy;iy. kpff; Fiwthd tlnrhw;fNs (Mrp> fpuhkq;fs;> tpguk;> fuk;...) gad;gLj;jg;gltpy;iy. mtw;iwf;$l gzp> JaHJilf;Fk;> kfpo;r;rpA+l;Lk;> jkpo; neQ;rq;fs;> mkpo;e;jpUf;Fk;> G+j;Jtpl;lJ vd;w Jha jkpo;r; nrhy;yhl;rpiag; gad;gLj;jpajw;fhf kd;dpj;J tplyhk;!
Mde;jtpfld; MrpupaUf;F ,Uf;Fk; ,e;jj; jkpo;g;gw;W Vd; Mde;jtpfld; Jiz MrpupaHfSf;F ,Ug;gjpy;iy vd;gJ tpag;ghf ,Uf;fpwJ. MrpupaNu tpfld; ntspaPLfisg; gbg;gjpy;iyah?
f;iuk;>
krhyh kpf;];>
NyB]; xd;yp>
layhf;>
Ngh];l;khHl;lk;>
#L fpsg;gpa Rg;gH khHfn;fl;>
Nrdy; f;Nsh]g;>
kp];lH fOF>
kp];lH uPy;>
kp];lH kpaht;>
jpUl;L N[hf;>
fs;s Nthl;Lg; Nghl;lhy; Xuhz;L n[apy; vd NjHjy; fkp\d; vr;rupj;Js;sJ
fgpy; mq;fpisr; re;jpr;Nrhk;
ik baH khah Br;rH ik baH
fhkpf;];
];ng\y;
vd;w Mq;fpyr; nrhw;fis Mde;jtpfld;> [{dpaH tpfld;> Rl;b nra;jpj; jiyg;GfSf;Fg; gad;gLj;jpj; njhiyf;fpd;wd. jkpio Vd;jhd; ,g;gbf; nfhiy nra;fpwhHfs;?
gpNwk;ehj;
vq;NfapUe;J vLj;Njhk;. ahH vOjpaJ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpl;lhy; mofhapUf;Fky;yth?
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vq;NfapUe;J vLj;Njhk;. ahH vOjpaJ vd;gijf; Fwpg;gpl;lhy; mofhapUf;Fky;yth?
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